Family Nursing Research Theory & Practice (5th Ed.)
Critique and Analysis of Family Stress Theory Nursing theory explains the relationship between concepts to enhance understanding and knowledge about a phenomenon (Walker & Advant, 2005). Theoretical frameworks for nursing of families provide a foundation for guiding the development of family centered care and enquiry (Friedman, Bowden, & Jones, 2003). The application of theory helps to guide nursing practice, education, and enquiry and supports the development of evidence-based nursing strategies and interventions for both the private and the family unit equally the customer.
This paper will critique and provide an analysis of the family unit stress theory. A cursory introduction of the history and author of this theory will be provided and the major concepts and assumptions of the theory described. The rationale for selecting this theoretical model equally it relates to family nursing practice will be provided and its strengths and weaknesses identified. In addition, a discussion of the application of the Family Stress Theory in current nursing research volition be presented. Finally, ideas for future research needed to continue to develop this theory for its application in family unit nursing do will be explored.
Family Stress Theory The family unit stress theory was introduced by Professor Reuben Hill in the late1940s after the Great Depression (McDonald, northward. d. ). McDonald (north. d) explains that Hill based his observations on families who survived the economic challenges of the Peachy Depression and those families who did not. Friedman, Bowden, and Jones (2003), explicate that Hill based his research on the effects of separation and reunions as a result of war time on families. In both cases, the Family unit Stress Theory helps to explain why some families are able to suit and survive when faced with stressors while other families encounter crunch.
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Hill'southward Family unit Stress Theory has served as a framework for the development of more contemporary family stress models, such as the Resiliency Model, and as a foundation for clinical practice and crunch intervention (Friedman, Bowden, and Jones, 2003). Major Concepts Hill describes the importance of social relationships and positive perceptions which serve as buffers in protecting the family from crisis (McDonald, north. d. ). In developing the family unit stress theory, Colina formulated an ABCX framework which helps to define the stress, place the family resource, explore the family unit'south perception of the stressor, and the crunch.
The A variable is identified equally the provoking stressor or event that the family unit encounters. Family unit experiences and strengths as well as family and community resources represent the B variable. This variable includes the family unit'southward social support structure, both internal and external, which affect the magnitude of the stress on the family (McDonald, n. d. ). The family perception of the degree of stress produced by the provoking stressor or upshot represents the C variable.
Combined, these 3 variables influence how a family copes, reacts, and manages the situation and determines whether or not the situation becomes a crisis, the X variable. Past experiences, adequate and available resource, time, and back up all affect how a family is able to adapt and modify to the state of affairs. The application of the family stress theory helps to predict the potential for a family crisis. Co-ordinate to McDonald (n. d. ), "the combination of high stress with social isolation (the "B" variable) for families has been highly correlated with many forms of dysfunctional family outcomes" (para. ). Hill's family unit stress theory provides a framework for a family as customer focused assessment and the development of evidence-based nursing interventions that strengthen the family unit and promote positive outcomes. Family unit Stress Theory's supposition about Family and Nursing The Family Stress theory is middle range theories adult by Hill and as the variability of families are recognized through enquiry, the traditional ABCX theoryevolved to different family stress theory and developed the conceptualization and the assumption of what family unit is about.
In 1996, McCubbin and McCubbin outlined the theory'south assumption of a family in crisis (Smith & Liehr, 2008, p. 227) : Families over the course of life face up hardships and changes as a natural and anticipated attribute of family life. Families develop basic competencies, patterns of functioning, and capabilities to foster the growth and development of family members and the family unit, and to protect the family from major disruptions in the face up of transitions and changes.
Families develop bones and unique competencies, patterns of operation, and capabilities designed to protect the family from unexpected or non-normative stressors, and strains and to foster the family's recovery following a family crisis or major transition or change. Families draw from and contribute to the network of relationships and resource in the community, including its ethnicity and cultural heritage, especially during periods of family stress and crises. Families faced with crisis situations demanding changes in the family'south functioning work to restore guild, harmony, and balance even in the midst of change.
In the Family unit Stress theory'due south metaparadigm, nursing is responsible in profitable families in the process of adaptation by promoting the family fellow member's health, help to recover from illness, assist the family unit member to function within the specific health limitation, back up and develop family'southward strengths, assist in the use of community resource available, facilitate the family unit in appraisement of the state of affairs and assistance the family decide what is best for the situation (Beckett, 2000) .
The Family Stress Theory in Family Nursing Stress can bear upon intimate relationships in the family setting. Although stress is normal and natural in the family unit setting, severe stress can atomic number 82 to serious family situations such as domestic violence, alcoholism, substance abuse, and even child neglect. The outcome of the family's situation during the stressful event depends on how the family responds and thrives to the stressful state of affairs.
A stressful event can be in the form of an astute or chronic disease in the family, sudden part changes,hardships in the family unit life cycle, separation, and death of a family member. The use of Family Stress Theory in Family Nursing assists the nurses in exploring the family system'south beliefs and response to situational stressors and transitional events. The Family Stress theory was useful in the family's coping power regarding the care of the child with extraordinary needs (Crawford, 2002) .
A kid with special needs is a stress to both parents because time is needed to develop competency in caring for such child in the family. The use of community and family resources should exist offered and considered to adapt to the crunch. One literature also applied the theory in remarriage in families and suggested that "remarriage and adjustment to step family unit living are conceptualized as life transition in the framework of the Family Stress Theory " (Crosbie-Burnett, 1989, p. 323) .
Identifying all the variables present in any stressful event and the family unit'southward capability of adapting to the stress using all resource bachelor will aid the nurse in developing the nursing process by making a thorough family unit internal and external environmental assessment, help the family in creating a goal and planning for strategies to resolve the issue, providing the family possible interventions in managing the stressor event, improving coping abilities, and enhancing the family's strength during the stressful event.
The nurse is also responsible in following-up and evaluating the effectiveness of the intervention to either continue the current management or change the coping strategy. Family unit Assessment In the use of qualitative and quantitative studies, families have unlike patterns to the response of stress. Assessing family unit resources, coping strategies, and processes provides the office for assisting families in adaptation and attainment of a college level of wellness (Friedman, Bowden & Jones, 2003, para 3).
Families appoint in dissimilar management and coping strategies when dealing with stressful events. The nurse will accept to assess the healthiness or dysfunctional aspects of the family. During the assessment period, the nurse set specific goals that volition assistance the family with coping mechanisms of stress. The foundation for achieving the goals volition depend on family unit support, fiscal resources and coping strategies. Families remain strong and durable even during today'due south economic crisis. Despite all the economic, social and political pressures, most families can e considered to be functioning satisfactorily (Friedman, Bowden & Jones, 2003, para four). The theoretical model family unit stress identifies two types of situations that will cause a family to enter into a crisis. Those situations are classified as developmental and situational events. Events that are identified equally psychosocial growth of a family are noted as developmental events. Some examples are retirement, a child entering high school or college, or adoption. The examples denote the normal life cycle affecting the entire family unit.
Unexpected events are considered situational events such every bit decease, loss of job, or the loss of the home due to burn down. The family's fiscal resources and coping mechanisms will help the family arrange and work through the crisis. The nurse can accept the listed examples and help the family develop goals in becoming healthy and strong family again. Critique of the Family unit Stress Theory The employ of the family stress theory by nurses with avant-garde grooming is a key indicator for creating care paths that enhance the effectiveness of outcomes for positive family wellness.
Family clinicians utilize the stress theory to facilitate a collaborative learning process between family members with special emphasis on the different family processes: parenting, balancing work, dealing with babyhood issues, and maintaining stability in home life. The stress theory is used as a helpful tool for identifying sources of stress that lend a head start for developing strategic plans to assistance with managing them.
Further applicability of the stress theory offers a supportive resource for identifying coping mechanisms of individual family members and determining how effective their coping strategies are during stressful family unit situations. The theoretical framework for the stress theory also serves as a tool for explaining how families adjust and arrange as ane organization during stressful events (Friedman, Bowden, & Jones, 2003, p. 470). Information for identifying coping mechanisms for families of civilisation tin can be acquired by using a cultural genogram to gather information well-nigh their trengths and weaknesses. The clinician uses the data to apply information technology to the stress theory framework to assistance the family unit with developing feasible ways of dealing with stressful events. Continued enquiry efforts incorporating the use of the stress theory critical for developing innovative family care plans for helping families avoid and decrease stress levels. Further family-focused research tin can exist generated to address the coping behaviors of culturally diverse families during stressful situations (Friedman et al. , 2003).
The new wave of multi-types of families supports the demand for intervention research that serves as evidenced-based practices to assist not only culturally various families but also all families to bargain with stress. Strengths The strengths identified in using the family stress theory are that the model is easy to empathize and easy to translate into therapy and intervention. During the cess period of explaining the model and how it relates to the situational crisis of the family, it is important that families understand the system. The nurse volition explain adaptation, family adaptation, family unit coherence and family resilience.
During the educational procedure, the concepts can exist defined and described in a manner the family tin can view the crunch and place the event in the family unit of measurement's perspective. Every bit the nurse translated the model into therapy sessions and intervention processes, the family will not have difficulty working together needed to raise family growth. The nurse and family will work together to institute goals. During the intervention session the family will engage with the stressors affecting the family. The family unit volition work extensively to return the unit to the whole family concept.
Weaknesses Weaknesses identified are express to the give-and-take of aspects in the family dealing with stress and punctuation or interruptions. The family may be limited on providing pertinent information in the discussions. The nurse can assistance set goals based on the provided information. Shame and guilt play intricate roles in how much information is provided. The family unit will need to engage in the discussion and work sessions in order to render to the functional family unit of measurement. Punctuation or interruptions occur during the meetings with the nurse and family.
Unforeseen activities causes disorganized scheduled meeting. A specific time should be allotted for the coming together to alleviate interruptions. The nurse and family can make footstep if the sessions are uninterrupted. Family unit Nursing Research The trends of nursing intendance take evolved over the years from being a patient centered care industry into an industry focused around family centered care. The focus of providing family centered care has resulted in an emergent need to develop concepts, cess measures and clinical skills customized to the care being provided.
For this reason, family nursing research has detonated although much of the enquiry is in its infancy stages. Much of the current literature on family nursing pertains to pediatric nursing and family unit, nevertheless the call for family nursing research for the developed earth of nursing is emerging as well. One item study conducted by staff researchers at The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill spotlight on how families care for a child with chronic illness and debilitating diseases. The byproduct of this inquiry report is the FaMM (Family Direction Measure).
Although the FaMM was cultivate through the apply of the Family Direction Manner Conceptual Framework (FMSF), the FaMM measures how a family manages during stressful situations, which is a direct correlation to the family unit stress theory. In add-on to spotlighting, the purpose of the study is "that information technology volition further the development and testing of interventions and the comprehensive cess of families' efforts to manage chronic conditions" (Knafl et al. , 2007). Based on analyzing the investigations leading upwards to the FaMM, researchers had ne primary question and challenged themselves to discover a style to make the eight conceptual dimensions of the FMSF into a measureable cess tool with a high percentage of reliability and validity. Second, an evaluation tool (FaMM) and a hypothesis was adult to back up the inquiry. The hypothesis converged to explain how "data from the FaMM volition contribute to clinicians' and researchers' ability to empathize more fully family functioning in the context of childhood chronic conditions" (Knafl et al. , 2007).
Fifty-fifty though the research report appears to be qualitative in methodology with its categorical approach to establishing measurements information technology is overwhelmingly quantitative. Each of the established measurement guidelines or categories becomes conclusive with a per centum score equally a ways to evaluate against ranges. The ranges assist to determine whether the family has the ability to manage many of the stress factors associated with care of a chronically ill child. The results of the research demonstrated a loftier validity also as reliability.
In particular, the reliability of the test ranged between 72% to 90% for mothers and 73% to 91% for fathers, both demonstrating higher up l% reliability. The future of family unit nursing research should branch out to include all forms of family unit; for example, children being raised by grandparents, homosexuals, foster parents and,other forms of guardianship. With the Family unit Stress Theory more than research is needed to decide the long-lasting effects of stress on the family unit and ways to offset these furnishings.
Furthermore, the enquiry from family stress theory is useful to family unit nursing practice in that it gives nurses a starting point to initiate interventions, treatment and, other diagnoses. Conclusion Family stress theory provides nursing staff with both intrinsic and extrinsic information to apply in providing better services, care,and outreach to families. The concepts and assumptions identified in the theory arecurrently being researched for efficiency in providing the best application measures for family nursing practice. Despite the weakness identified in the theory, the strengths of the theory far outweigh.
In endmost, the family stress theory can be used to guide nursing practice in acute care settings just also tin provide in sight on master prevention methods. References Beckett, C. (2000). Family theory as a framework for cess. Unpublished manuscript, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona. Retrieved from http://jan. ucc. nau. edu/~nur350-c/grade/2_family/theory/lesson2-1-3. html Crawford, D. (2002). Go along the focus on the family. Journal of Kid Health Care, vi, 133-146. doi: ten. 1177/136749350200600201 Crosbie-Burnett, Chiliad. (1989, July).
Application of Family unit Stress Theory to remarriage: A Model for assessing and helping stepfamilies. Family Relations, 38, 323-331. Retrieved from http://world wide web. jstor. org/pss/585060 Friedman, Thousand. Yard. , Bowden, V. R. , & Jones, E. Grand. (2003). Family unit Nursing: Inquiry, Theory and Exercise (5th Ed. ). Upper Saddle, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Knafl, K. , Deatrick, J. , Gallo, A. , Dixon, J. , Grayness, M. , Knafl, 1000. , & O'Malley, J. (2007). Family management measure out (FaMM). Retrieved Dec 5, 2009, from http://nursing. unc. edu/research/famm/ McDonald, Fifty. (n. d. ). Colina'south theory of family stress and buffer factors: Build the protective gene of social relationships and positive perception with multi-family groups_. Retrieved December 5, 2009, from http://cecp. air. org/vc/presentations/2selective/31mcdon/HILL'S_FAMILY_STRESS_THEORY_AND_FAST. htm Smith, One thousand. , & Liehr, P. (2008). Center range theory for nursing (2nd ed. ). New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company, LLC. Walker, L. O. , & Avant, Yard. C. (2005). Strategies for theory structure in nursing (4th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice-Hall.
Related Questions
on Nursing and Family Stress Theory
What are some examples of family stress?
Non making enough money or living in poverty, for example, creates economical strain in the household and can increase stress levels. This tin result in constantly worrying about money and non being able to meet the needs of your family. Being unhappy with your chore or having picayune time to spend doing other things can as well lead to family unit stress.
What is the definition of family stress?
Family stress theory defines and explores the periodic, astute stressors that happen to all families. When these stressors get frequent or if the private or family lacks the support of significant relationships, an accumulating residue of insecurity can lead to personal and family crises, including physical, emotional, or relational trauma.
What is the family stress model?
The term "family stress adaptation theory" refers to the theories of many psychologists. The major family stress model, called Hill's ABCX model, identifies major contributors to family unit stress, buffers against stress, and agents that cause family crisis.
What are the theories of stress?
Psychological Theories of StressJames-Lange: Theory of Emotion. In 1884 and in 1885, theorists William James and Carl Lange might have separately proposed their respective theories on the correlation of stress and emotion, only .Cannon-Bard: The Emergency Theory. This theory is quite the contrary of what James and Lange proposed. .The Schachter-Singer Theory. .
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